General FAQs about shares and equity
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      Company, tax, and exercise valuations explained

      When you need them and why they matter

      When it comes to valuations, there are many types, and the right one depends on your specific needs. We often get questions about valuations, so we’ve created this guide to explain the valuations we get asked about the most.

      Here, we’ll break down company valuations, tax valuations, and exercise valuations—what they are, how they work, and when you might need them. Ready to clear up the confusion? Let’s get started!🚀

      Contents📋
      What is a company valuation?
      When do you need a company valuation?
      - Raising investing
      - Selling, merging or buying a company
      - Securing a loan
      - Other situations where company valuations may be needed
      Tax valuations
      EMI
      - What is a tax valuation for EMI?
      - Why is a tax valuation important for EMI?
      - How to get your HMRC approval letter (the process)
      CSOP
      - What is a tax valuation for CSOP?
      - Key valuation terms for CSOP
      - Why is an HMRC-approved CSOP valuation important?
      - How to get your HMRC approval letter (the process)
      Growth shares
      - What is a hurdle rate valuation?
      - The process
      What is an exercise valuation?
      - Why a valid valuation report is crucial
      - Tax Scenarios for UK Employees exercising options where Income Tax is payable
      - Tax Scenarios for not employees UK tax residents that are exercising options

       

      What is a company valuation?

      A company valuation determines the monetary worth of your business at a specific point in time. It’s not just about numbers—it’s about understanding the full picture of your company’s financial health and potential market position. This is achieved by analysing several key factors, including:

      • Revenue and profits💰 The income your business generates and its profitability over time.
      • Assets and debts🏢: A snapshot of what your business owns (e.g. property, equipment, cash) versus what it owes (e.g. loans, liabilities).
      • Industry trends📊: How your business compares to others in your sector and how it’s positioned in the market.
      • Market conditions🌍: The broader economic environment, which can influence your business’s value.

      By evaluating these factors, a company valuation provides a clear, accurate picture of your business’s worth. 

      When do you need a company valuation?

      A company valuation is essential in various situations where understanding your business’s worth is critical for making informed decisions. Here are some of the most common scenarios:

      1. Raising Investment📈 

      When seeking investment from venture capitalists, angel investors, or private equity firms, a valuation is critical for presenting a clear and realistic picture of your business’s current worth and future potential. Unlike share transactions, this process focuses on attracting capital by offering equity in exchange for funding.

      • Why it matters💡: Investors rely on the valuation to determine how much equity they should receive in return for their investment. It also allows them to evaluate the potential return on investment (ROI).
      • Example📍: A startup looking to raise £500,000 for 20% equity must present a solid valuation to justify the terms of the deal and attract investors.

      This highlights capital-raising efforts where valuation is essential for negotiating investment terms and equity stakes.

      2. Selling, merging, or buying a company 🔄

      Whether you’re selling your business, merging with another, or acquiring a new one, a valuation ensures all parties are working with accurate and transparent figures.

      • Why it matters💡: It establishes a fair market value, preventing disputes and ensuring negotiations are based on factual data.
      • Example📍: If a company is selling to a competitor, the valuation helps determine the sale price and ensures stakeholders receive fair compensation.

      When shares are transferred between shareholders—an accurate valuation ensures fair pricing that reflects the company’s true market value. This is crucial for transactions involving a transfer of ownership, as both parties need confidence in the fairness of the deal.

      • Why it matters💡: A proper valuation protects both the buyer and the seller by ensuring transparency and a solid foundation for negotiations.
      • Example📍: A founder selling a portion of their shares to an investor. Without an accurate valuation, the investor risks overpaying, while the founder risks undervaluing their stake. By using a reliable valuation, both parties can confidently agree on a price that aligns with the company’s current market worth.

      This focuses on ownership changes where fairness and transparency in share pricing are key.

      3. Securing a loan🏦

      When applying for a business loan, lenders often request a valuation to assess your company’s financial health and stability.

      • Why It Matters💡: Lenders use the valuation to determine whether your business has sufficient assets or cash flow to support loan repayment.
      • Example📍: A company seeking a £500,000 loan may need a valuation to demonstrate that it has enough collateral or steady revenue to justify the risk.

      Other situations where company valuations may be needed

      • Exit Planning: If you’re preparing for an exit event, such as an acquisition or IPO, a valuation helps establish your company’s market worth.
      • Litigation or Disputes: Valuations are often required in legal disputes involving business ownership or divorce settlements.
      • Estate Planning: For businesses included in estate planning, valuations provide clarity on inheritance tax and asset distribution.

      Understanding when and why you need a company valuation ensures that your business decisions are informed, transparent, and backed by accurate data. Let me know if you'd like this expanded further!

      Tax Valuations

      Accurate tax valuations are essential when issuing equity to recipients, employees or shareholders, ensuring compliance with HMRC regulations while maximising tax efficiency. 

      Below is a breakdown of the key types of tax valuations required for different schemes:

      EMI 💸

      What is a tax valuation for EMI?

      A tax valuation for Enterprise Management Incentives (EMI) is a crucial process that determines the Actual Market Value (AMV) of a company’s shares for tax purposes. 

      Having both the AMV and the Unrestricted Market Value (UMV) approved by HMRC gives employees peace of mind, as:

      ✅ The AMV sets the tax point—if the exercise price is set at or above AMV, employees won’t pay Income Tax at exercise, regardless of the share value at that time.

      ✅ The UMV is used for EMI qualification—ensuring the company and recipients remain within HMRC’s limits. please see our guide for more information.

      Why is a tax valuation Important for EMI?

      An accurate AMV:

      ✔ Ensures favourable tax treatment for employees.
      ✔ Reduces the risk of HMRC disputes or challenges.
      ✔ Is required for EMI option grants to be reported via Employment Related Securities (ERS).

      How to get your HMRC approval letter (the process)

      1️⃣ Prepare a valuation report (Get in touch with our dedicated Customer Success team👋🏼 at support@vestd.com if you’d like to enquire about a valuation report).

      2️⃣ Submit to HMRC with VAL231 form.

      3️⃣ HMRC reviews (typically 4–8 weeks).

      4️⃣ Approved AMV & UMV provide tax certainty for EMI recipients.

      Obtaining approval provides peace of mind and ensures your EMI scheme remains compliant and reliable.

      CSOP 🪙
      What is a Tax Valuation for CSOP?
       CSOP tax valuation determines the value of a company’s shares for a Company Share Option Plan (CSOP). Unlike EMI, where options can be granted at any value, CSOPs must be granted at or above the Unrestricted Market Value (UMV) to qualify for tax benefits.

      📌 Key valuation terms for CSOP:

      AMV (Actual Market Value): Share value with restrictions.

      UMV (Unrestricted Market Value): Share value as if freely tradeable.

      🔹 UMV sets the exercise price—if options are granted below UMV, they won’t qualify as a CSOP, and employees may face Income Tax at exercise instead of just Capital Gains Tax on sale.

      Why is an HMRC-approved CSOP valuation important?

      ✔ Ensures compliance with CSOP tax rules.

      ✔ Prevents HMRC challenges that could make the scheme invalid.

      ✔ Provides tax certainty—employees only pay Capital Gains Tax (CGT) on sale, not Income Tax on exercise.

      🚨 If CSOP options are granted without an HMRC-approved UMV, they risk being rejected by HMRC, making the scheme void.

       


      How to get your HMRC approval letter (the process)

      1️⃣ Obtain a formal valuation for UMV & AMV (Get in touch with our dedicated Customer Success team👋🏼 at support@vestd.com if you’d like to enquire about a valuation report).

      2️⃣ Submit to HMRC for approval before granting options.

      3️⃣ Ensure options are granted at or above UMV to maintain tax advantages.


      Growth shares 📈

      What is a hurdle rate valuation?

      A hurdle rate valuation sets a threshold📏—typically 20%–40% above the current market value of a share—to determine the starting point at which Growth Shares gain value. 

      Why is the Hurdle Rate Important?

      1. Growth Shares are issued with a hurdle price above current value, meaning they have no immediate worth i.e. sit out of the money.
      2. If the company were sold at the current valuation, Growth Shares would be worth £0.
      3. Because of point 1 and 2, Growth Shares can be issued at a nominal value, avoiding upfront tax charges.

      Instead, recipients pay Capital Gains Tax  only when the shares are sold and generate a profit. This rewards people for the growth in value they add to the company after they join, not before. Also helping to protect existing shareholders from dilution while respecting the work they have done to grow the company to the point of the hurdle.

      By establishing the hurdle rate above the current market value, the valuation ensures the shares are essentially “worthless” at issuance, allowing employees or shareholders to benefit from reduced tax liabilities.


      💡 Tax Benefits:
      ✅ No upfront Income Tax, as the shares have no immediate value.
      ✅ CGT applies only on sale, which is usually lower than Income Tax.
      ✅ Existing shareholders are protected, as Growth Shares only gain value if the company grows beyond the hurdle.

      The Process

      1️⃣ Determine the hurdle rate (typically 20%–40% above the current share value). (Get in touch with our dedicated Customer Success team👋🏼 at support@vestd.com if you’d like to enquire about a hurdle valuation report).
      2️⃣ Structure Growth Shares correctly. Ensure your articles of association contain the necessary legal mechanics to facilitate a Growth Share structure. When issuing Growth Shares via Vestd, you'll be able to incorporate our Growth Share clauses into your articles. We will provide these clauses so you can share them with your lawyer for implementation.

      3️⃣ Issue shares at nominal value, deferring taxation until sale.


      What is an exercise valuation?📑 

      An exercise valuation determines both the AMV and the Unrestricted Market Value (UMV) of a company’s shares at the point when options are exercised. This valuation is crucial for calculating tax obligations for those recipients exercising when Income Tax is due..

      Why a valid valuation report is crucial

      A valid valuation report is essential for several reasons:

      1. Annual and Initial Reporting📅
        • Both EMI annual filings and initial setup require the UMV, and in some cases, the AMV, to ensure accurate reporting.
      2. Tax clarity for recipients💡
        • The valuation provides transparency on tax liabilities, helping recipients understand what they owe when exercising their options.

      Tax Scenarios for UK Employees exercising options where Income Tax is payable

      1. Paying to UMV📍
        • If recipients pay the UMV and sign an ITEPA election, they will only pay Capital Gains Tax (CGT) when they sell the shares, maximizing tax efficiency.
      2. Paying to AMV📍
        • If recipients pay below the AMV, the difference between the AMV and the exercise price is taxed as income at the time of exercise.
        • Additionally, recipients pay CGT on any gain when selling the shares, potentially leading to two separate tax events.

      These scenarios underscore the importance of accurate valuations to minimize tax burdens and provide financial clarity.

      Tax Scenarios for not employees UK tax residents that are exercising options

      • Tax payable to Market Value (MV, typically similar to AMV).
      • Tax may be payable at grant or when vesting – please see out guide for more information: https://www.vestd.com/help/unapproved-option-tax

      In Summary

      Valuations are a vital aspect of equity management, ensuring transparency, fairness, and compliance in key business events. Whether you’re setting up an EMI scheme, issuing Growth Shares, or navigating an exit, accurate valuations lay the foundation for smooth operations and tax efficiency.

      💬 Have more questions? We’re here to help—don’t hesitate to reach out to our dedicated Customer Success team at support@vestd.com

      Our team, content and app can help you make informed decisions. However, any guidance and support should not be considered as 'legal or financial advice.'